Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. TNF alpha exerts many of its effects by binding to either a 55 kDa cell membrane receptor termed. TNFα activates signals through two receptors, TNF-R1, which is expressed on most cell types, and TNF-R2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNFα can have many functions including, to stimulate of phagocytosis in macrophages, to chemoattract neutrophils, to increase insulin resistance and to induce fever.
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