HIF-1伪 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha) is a crucial transcriptional regulator encoded by the HIF1A gene, playing a vital role in cellular adaptation to low-oxygen conditions. Under normal oxygen levels, HIF-1伪 has a short half-life and is rapidly degraded via the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product (pVHL)-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, in hypoxic conditions (when oxygen levels are below 5%), HIF-1伪 becomes stable, accumulates, and translocates to the nucleus. There, it forms an active HIF-1 complex by binding with HIF-1尾, which then binds to hypoxia response elements (HRE) in the promoters of target genes, activating the transcription of over 40 genes involved in processes such as oxygen transport, glucose metabolism, cell survival, and angiogenesis. HIF-1伪 is highly expressed in many tissues, especially in the kidneys and heart, and is often overexpressed in various cancers, contributing to tumor growth and resistance to therapies. Its stability and activity are regulated by various post-translational modifications, including hydroxylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation.
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