CD11b, also known as integrin αM or Mac-1, is an important cell membrane protein belonging to the integrin family. It is primarily expressed on the surface of leukocytes such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells. By binding to its ligands, including ICAMs (Intercellular Adhesion Molecules), CD11b participates in cell-cell adhesion and migration processes, which are crucial for the normal function of the immune system. The primary functions of CD11b include participation in inflammatory responses, bacterial phagocytosis, and immune cell migration. It plays a key role in immune cell recognition and inflammatory reactions. Additionally, CD11b is involved in antigen presentation and T-cell activation, contributing to immune regulation. Recent research has also revealed the significant role of CD11b in tumor immunology. For example, in breast cancer, immature CD11b-NK cells are associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. In myeloid cells, CD11b can promote their development into M1 macrophage subtypes that suppress tumor growth. However, tumors often inhibit the activity of CD11b, leading to the development of M2 macrophages, which actually resist T cells that play a crucial role in fighting disease and promote new blood vessel formation, allowing cancer to grow and spread.
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