The leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs) comprise a family of cell-surface immunoregulatory receptors with activating and inhibitory members. The inhibitory LILRs possess cytoplasmic ITIMs that down-regulate signaling by nonreceptor tyrosine kinase cascades. The activating members have a truncated cytoplasmic domain and signal through the FcR gamma chain. LILRB5, also known as CD85c and LIR-8, consists of an extracellular domain (ECD) with four Ig-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic domain with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM). LILRB5 is expressed in mast cell granules and the release of soluble LILRB5 following IgE FcR-dependent stimulation, which has potential for amplification of mast cell-dependent, inflammatory responses. The mRNA expression of all LILRB family members was significantly associated with the infiltration of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in liver cancer. LILRB family expression is associated with the prognosis of liver cancer patients and infiltrated immune cells. The LILRB family might be involved in antigen processing and presentation and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathways.
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