The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is widely expressed on the surface of human cells and plays a crucial role in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. It is activated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2, and to a lesser extent by insulin. The IGF-1R is structurally similar to the insulin receptor and consists of two extracellular 伪-subunits involved in ligand binding and two transmembrane 尾-subunits containing a tyrosine kinase domain. Upon activation, IGF-1R triggers several intracellular signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK pathways, which promote cell survival, inhibit apoptosis, and regulate metabolism. Additionally, IGF-1R has been found to migrate to the cell nucleus, where it can act as a transcriptional activator. Given its significant anti-apoptotic and pro-survival functions, IGF-1R is highly expressed in many types of cancer and is considered a promising target for cancer therapy.
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