Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is a cytoplasmic GTPase protein encoded by the DNM1L gene, playing a crucial role in mediating mitochondrial fission. Under normal conditions, DRP1 resides in the cytoplasm and is recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane upon activation, where it forms spiral oligomers that constrict and divide the mitochondria. This process is regulated by various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation at serine 616, which enhances DRP1 activity and promotes mitochondrial fission. DRP1 is essential for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics, cell survival, and energy metabolism, and its dysregulation has been implicated in a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.
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