c-Jun is a key component of the transcription factor complex AP-1 (Activator Protein 1) and is one of the most transcriptionally active members of this complex. It is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and the regulation of inflammatory responses. c-Jun can be activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors, cytokines, and stress signals, which lead to its phosphorylation and subsequent regulation of gene expression. In cancer biology, c-Jun has been implicated in tumor initiation and progression, particularly in liver cancer, where it can promote cell survival and inhibit apoptosis through interactions with other signaling pathways. Additionally, c-Jun plays a role in immune cell function and has been studied for its impact on T-cell exhaustion and immune response regulation. Its diverse functions highlight its importance as a regulatory hub in cellular signaling and gene expression networks.
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