RhoA is a small GTPase that plays a critical role in regulating cellular functions such as cytoskeletal structure, cell proliferation, and cell migration. It cycles between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state, which is necessary to activate downstream signaling cascades. This transition relies on GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis by regulatory proteins such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Active RhoA regulates two groups of proteins: serine/threonine protein kinases, including Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK), and scaffold proteins, including formin family proteins and rhotekin. RhoA is also implicated in the regulation of immune responses, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell death, and has been linked to various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular pathologies.
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