M13 bacteriophage is a filamentous virus that infects bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains showing the F-pilus. It is approximately 1 µm in length and 6 nm in width, consisting of a circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecule surrounded by a protein capsid. M13 has been extensively studied for its biological role and replication mechanism. Due to advancements in molecular biology techniques, M13 has become an intriguing nanotool for various applications. One of its notable capabilities is 'phage display,' which allows M13 to display fused peptides and proteins on its minor and major coat proteins. This has paved the way for studying protein-protein and peptide-protein interactions, developing molecular probes for cell imaging, and detecting microorganisms.
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