TIMP-1 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1) is a crucial protein involved in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM). TIMP-1 belongs to a family of proteinases containing Zn2+ and Ca2+ ions, which are essential for their catalytic activities. TIMP-1 acts as a potent inhibitor of multiple matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by forming complexes with their catalytic zinc ions, thereby irreversibly inactivating them. Its inhibitory spectrum is broad, encompassing MMPs such as MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, and MMP16. Beyond its enzymatic inhibitory role, TIMP-1 also engages in cell signaling by interacting with molecules like CD63 and ITGB1, modulating specific cellular signaling pathways that govern cell differentiation, migration, and apoptosis.
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