Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential kinases that drive cell cycle transformation and transcriptional regulation [PMID: 30185601, PMID: 30375919]. CDKs involve in a variety of biological processes, including cell metabolism, differentiation, and development. Human CDKs are mainly divided into two categories: 1) One group is involved in cell cycle regulation and related to mitosis, and the subtypes are CDK1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. 2) Another group is mainly involved in transcriptional regulation, regulating phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II, and the subtypes are CDK7, 8, 9, and 11 [PMID: 19561645].CDK2 plays a key role in cell cycle regulation [PMID: 14657662, PMID: 30543440, PMID: 30516105]. CDK2 forms a complex with Cyclin E and then phosphorylates Rb, therefore activates E2F [PMID: 24876129]. CDK2-Cyclin A complex promotes cells to pass through the S/G2 checkpoint. CDK2 also controls the phosphorylation of many transcription factors including Smad3 [PMID: 16289004], FoxM1, FoxO1 [PMID: 11250068], NFY, B-Myb [PMID: 14625684], Myc [PMID: 20445224] and promotes the cell cycle. In addition, CDK2 also plays an important role in DNA replication [PMID: 34901021], adaptive immune response, cell differentiation, and apoptosis [PMID: 15617830, PMID: 19561645].
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