Phospho-NRF2 (Ser40) is a crucial form of the NRF2 protein, which is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor involved in regulating the antioxidant response. When phosphorylated at Ser40 by protein kinase C (PKC), NRF2 dissociates from its repressor KEAP1, leading to its nuclear translocation and activation. This activation results in the upregulation of antioxidant genes containing antioxidant response elements (AREs), helping cells combat oxidative stress. The phosphorylation of NRF2 at Ser40 is essential for its stability and function, and it plays a significant role in various cellular processes, including protection against oxidative damage and regulation of metabolic pathways.
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