Runx2, also known as Runt-related transcription factor 2, is a crucial transcription factor for bone development and plays a key role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. It is expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes, and its mutation can lead to skeletal malformation syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia. Runx2 induces chondrocyte maturation and proliferation through the regulation of various signaling pathways, including Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa). In addition to its role in normal bone development, Runx2 is also involved in pathological conditions such as breast cancer metastasis and lung fibrosis.
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