G3BP1, also known as Ras-GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1, is a multifunctional protein involved in various biological processes. It is best known for its role in stress granule (SG) formation, where it acts as a molecular switch to trigger liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and assemble membraneless compartments that store mRNAs and proteins during cellular stress. G3BP1 also functions as an ATP- and magnesium-dependent helicase, unwinding DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, and RNA/RNA substrates. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in innate immunity by promoting the activity of cGAS and RIG-I, which are key components of the DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways. In disease contexts, G3BP1 is implicated in cancer progression and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting its significance in both normal and pathological cellular functions.
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