TIM-1 protein, also known as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-1 or kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), is a type I membrane protein that plays a significant role in immune regulation. It is structurally a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), containing an IgV-like domain, a mucin domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular cytoplasmic tail with a tyrosine phosphorylation motif. TIM-1 functions as a co-stimulatory molecule for T cell activation and is preferentially expressed on activated Th2 cells, influencing cytokine production and allergic diseases. It has also been identified as a cellular receptor for hepatitis A virus and is implicated in the clearance of apoptotic cells, suggesting its involvement in immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, TIM-1 is upregulated in acute kidney injury and has potential as a cancer marker, highlighting its importance in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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