PLCG1, or Phospholipase C gamma 1, is a member of the phospholipase C (PLC) family and plays a critical role in intracellular signal transduction. PLCG1 generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), by hydrolyzing the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). This process regulates various cellular and physiological functions, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, which are essential for tumorigenesis. The role of PLCG1 in various human cancers has been extensively studied, including breast, lung, pancreatic, gastric, prostate, and ovarian cancers. It intersects with multiple oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways, such as PI3K, AKT, HIF1-α, and the RAF/MEK/ERK cascade. Furthermore, overexpression of PLCG1 is associated with tumor growth and poor prognosis in adult IDH wild-type low-grade glioma (LGG) patients. In terms of immune modulation, PLCG1 is also a crucial enzyme that regulates the NF-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling pathways.
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