NLRP3, or NOD-like receptor protein 3, is a key component of the inflammasome complex that plays a critical role in the innate immune system. NLRP3 forms a complex with the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) and pro-caspase-1. This complex, known as the NLRP3 inflammasome, is crucial for the activation of caspase-1, which then processes IL-1β and IL-18 into their mature forms. NLRP3 inflammasome activation also leads to a form of programmed cell death known as pyroptosis, characterized by cell membrane rupture and the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. Conditions such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis are associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage.
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