GSK-3β (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase that is highly conserved across eukaryotes. GSK-3β is expressed in all cell types and is particularly abundant in the brain. It regulates cell proliferation, survival, gene expression, cellular architecture, and neural development and plasticity. Dysregulation of GSK-3β is implicated in numerous disorders, including cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer’s disease, GSK-3β contributes to the pathological phosphorylation of tau protein. GSK-3β plays a significant role in neuronal apoptosis, and its inhibition reduces the expression of alpha-Synuclein (α-Synuclein), making it a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD).
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