Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly conserved across species and plays multifaceted roles in various biological processes. NRP1 has emerged as a significant immune checkpoint that can be targeted to improve immunotherapy outcomes in cancer. It is expressed in various immune cell types, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), and is implicated in the suppression of anti-tumor immunity. NRP1 is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it contributes to immune evasion by enhancing the function of Tregs and suppressing CD8+ T cell responses. NRP1 has been identified as a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, interacting with the viral spike protein and facilitating virus entry into host cells. This discovery highlights the role of NRP1 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and suggests potential therapeutic strategies targeting NRP1 to block virus entry.
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