ATP5A is the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. The ATP synthase has two main functional domains: the catalytic core known as F1 and the membrane-embedded proton channel called Fo. The F1 part consists of three alpha subunits (ATP5A1) and three beta subunits (ATP5B), forming a hexamer with six ADP/ATP binding sites. Only the beta subunits are catalytically active in ATP synthesis/hydrolysis, while the alpha subunits are catalytically inactive. ATP5A1 is expressed in various tissues, including the heart and kidneys, and has broad species reactivity, such as in mice, rats, cows, humans, and fruit flies. Beyond its role in energy metabolism, studies suggest that ATP5A1 may also be involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of cancer-related genes and is associated with the development of various diseases.
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