CXCL9, also known as MIG (monokine induced by interferon-gamma), is a member of the ELR-negative CXC chemokine subfamily that is inducible by IFN-γ. It plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and inflammation, and is implicated in various diseases, including cancer. CXCL9 is known to bind to its receptor CXCR3, facilitating the recruitment of CXCR3+ cells such as effector T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. This chemokine is involved in the pathogenesis of several physiological conditions, including its role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In the context of cancer, CXCL9 has been identified as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. It is suggested that the CXCL9/CXCR3 axis can be leveraged for cancer treatment by promoting the infiltration of immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, the expression levels of CXCL9 have been associated with the prognosis of certain cancers, indicating its potential as a prognostic indicator. Furthermore, research has highlighted the complex role of CXCL9 in the tumor microenvironment (TME). It can act as both an immunoactivator, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to combat tumor cells, and as a promoter of tumor growth and metastasis through autocrine signaling in certain contexts.
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