PKM2, also known as Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isozyme 2, is an isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK) that is primarily found in muscle and cardiac tissues. As a key enzyme in glycolysis, PKM2 catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate, releasing one molecule of ATP in the process. PKM2 is overexpressed in various types of tumors and has been linked to malignant biological behaviors such as tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, PKM2 is considered a potential tumor marker and therapeutic target. In addition, PKM2 plays a significant role in cellular metabolism. Under conditions of hypoxia or increased energy demand, the activity of PKM2 increases, promoting glycolysis to provide energy for cells. However, in tumor cells, the abnormally elevated activity of PKM2 may lead to excessive dependence on glucose and metabolic reprogramming, supporting tumor growth and dissemination.
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