The VISTA protein, also known as V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation, plays a crucial role in immune regulation. The VISTA protein primarily functions as a T cell inhibitory ligand and receptor, participating in immune regulation by directly suppressing T cell function. As a co-inhibitory ligand, VISTA can act on yet undefined T cell-expressed receptors to inhibit the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ, and promote the conversion of naive T cells into FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. As a co-inhibitory receptor, VISTA can suppress T cell function independently of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). VISTA-deficient mice exhibit spontaneous T cell activation, high levels of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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