Akt, also known as Protein kinase B (PKB), is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration. Once correctly positioned at the membrane via binding of PIP3, Akt can then be phosphorylated by its activating kinases, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1 at threonine 308 in Akt1 and threonine 309 in Akt2) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2 at serine 473 (Akt1) and 474 (Akt2)). Activated Akt isoforms can then go on to activate or deactivate their myriad substrates (e.g. mTOR) via their kinase activity. The Akt kinases regulate cellular survival and metabolism by binding and regulating many downstream effectors, e.g. Nuclear Factor-κB, Bcl-2 family proteins, master lysosomal regulator TFEB and murine double minute 2 (MDM2).
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