ATF-4 is a transcription factor that was originally identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1. It belongs to a family of DNA-binding proteins that includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins (CREBs) and CREB-like proteins. ATF4 transcription factor is also known to play role in osteoblast differentiation along with RUNX2 and osterix. ATF4 is also involved in the cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol–induced apoptosis in cancer cells, by the proapoptotic role of the stress protein p8 via its upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes ATF4, CHOP, and TRB3.
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