ICAM-1, also known as Intercellular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and CD54, is a vital member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IGSF) of adhesion molecules. It exists in two forms: soluble (sICAM-1) and membrane-bound (mICAM-1). sICAM-1 is derived from the proteolytic cleavage of mICAM-1 and released into the bloodstream, reflecting local ICAM-1 expression levels. ICAM-1 facilitates adhesion between leukocytes and endothelial cells by binding to specific receptors such as LFA-1 and Mac-1, enabling cell migration. ICAM-1 participates in cell signaling, activation, growth, differentiation, immune responses, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. During inflammation, ICAM-1 upregulation enhances the immune system's ability to eliminate foreign antigens and tumor cells. ICAM-1 is intimately linked to the development of various diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and multiple cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma, triple-negative breast cancer, thyroid cancer). ICAM-1 upregulation promotes leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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