Antithrombin III (AT III) is primarily a potent anticoagulant with independent anti-inflammatory properties. AT III irreversibly inhibits serine proteases (e.g. activated factor X and thrombin) in a one-to-one ratio, with the generation of protease–AT III complexes. Heparin prevents AT III from interacting with the endothelial cell surface by binding to sites on the AT III molecule, competing for the AT III binding site, and reducing AT III’s ability to interact with its cellular receptor [PMID: 26862016].
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