Voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells, and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. Calcium channels are multisubunit complexes composed of alpha-1, beta, alpha-2/delta, and gamma subunits. The channel activity is directed by the pore-forming alpha-1 subunit, whereas the others act as auxiliary subunits regulating this activity. The distinctive properties of the calcium channel types are related primarily to the expression of a variety of alpha-1 isoforms, namely alpha-1A, B, C, D, E, and S. CACNA1D（calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D) encodes the alpha-1D subunit. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for CACNA1D.

Optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the investigator. Suggested starting dilutions are as follows: IHC-p: 1:100-200.

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