Human growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) is one of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. It has commercial value as a therapeutic protein because of its ability to induce cartilage and bone formation, and angiogenesis in adult animals. This protein regulates the development of numerous tissue and cell types, including cartilage, joints, brown fat, teeth, and the growth of neuronal axons and dendrites. Mutations of GDF5 are associated with several human and animal diseases that are characterized by skeletal deformity such as short digits and short limbs.