CD106, also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins and is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells. It is a cytokine-inducible cell surface protein capable of mediating adhesion to leukocytes expressing alpha 4 integrins. CD106 plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. In embryonic development, CD106-deficient mouse embryos are not viable, showing severe defects in placental and heart development. In immune regulation, CD106 is involved in T cell activation and leukocyte recruitment to inflammation sites. It is also critical for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-mediated immunosuppression and the binding of hematopoietic progenitor cells.