Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) is a protein encoded by the SLFN11 gene, belonging to the interferon-inducible Schlafen family. It is primarily known for its roles in antiviral defense, regulation of cellular replication, and its emerging significance in cancer biology. SLFN11 acts as an antiviral restriction factor by degrading specific transfer RNAs (tRNAs) through its endoribonuclease activity, thereby inhibiting viral protein synthesis, particularly in HIV-1 infections. In cancer, SLFN11 is associated with cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, including topoisomerase inhibitors, alkylating agents, and PARP inhibitors. High expression of SLFN11 correlates with increased sensitivity to these treatments, while its downregulation is linked to drug resistance and poor prognosis in various cancers, such as small cell lung cancer. Additionally, SLFN11 can induce apoptosis through ribosome stalling and the activation of innate immune responses when recognizing specific ssDNA motifs.