CYP11A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1) is an enzyme belonging to the cytochrome P450 superfamily. It catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first and rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis. This reaction is essential for the production of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), and sex hormones. CYP11A1 is primarily expressed in the adrenal cortex, placenta, and gonads, where it plays a critical role in maintaining normal physiological functions and stress responses. Abnormal regulation of CYP11A1 has been implicated in various diseases, including adrenal hyperplasia, adrenocortical carcinoma, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and hormonal imbalances. For instance, artemisinin derivatives have been shown to inhibit CYP11A1 expression, reducing androgen synthesis and demonstrating potential therapeutic effects in PCOS. Additionally, CYP11A1 inhibitors, such as MK-5684, are being tested in clinical trials for prostate cancer, showing promising efficacy and tolerability. Overall, research on CYP11A1 is crucial for understanding the regulation of steroid hormone synthesis and provides a valuable target for developing novel therapies for hormone-related diseases.