SIRT1 protein, also known as Silent Information Regulator 1, is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. It is involved in the regulation of gene expression by histone deacetylation and modulates the acetylation levels of numerous substrates, including p53, PGC-1α, NF-κB, FOXO, NCoR, and p300. SIRT1 is essential for cell cycle control, energy metabolism, response to oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and aging. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to increase SIRT1 expression, which is linked to extended lifespan in mammals. SIRT1 also has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, and its dysregulation is associated with diseases such as mitochondrial complex I deficiency and aging. In the brain, SIRT1 upregulates tight junction proteins, maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In the immune system, SIRT1 regulates the activation and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) and controls the phenotype and functions of DCs. SIRT1 is a promising target for drug design, with potential applications in treating various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory conditions.