Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is specifically expressed in epithelial tissues and is frequently overexpressed in various human epithelial-derived tumors. It plays a complex role in cell adhesion, cell signaling, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in metastasis and cancer stem cells. EpCAM's function can vary depending on the cellular context and microenvironment, and it has been implicated in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and p53 signaling pathways, which are crucial in cancer development and progression. EpCAM's expression is associated with poor prognosis in certain cancers and is considered a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Its roles in cancer stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune modulation make it a molecule of interest in oncology research.