H2A.Z, or histone 2A family member Z, is a histone variant that plays a significant role in chromatin structure and function. It is found in nucleosomes, which are the basic units of DNA packaging, and is particularly enriched at the transcription start sites and within gene bodies. H2A.Z is implicated in various aspects of gene regulation, including the promotion of transcription initiation and termination, as well as the regulation of enhancer activity. This histone variant is also involved in DNA repair, replication, and the maintenance of higher-order chromatin organization. H2A.Z's dynamic nature allows it to modulate nucleosome stability and accessibility, which is crucial for the recruitment of transcription factors and the transcriptional machinery. Its presence is associated with both active and repressed gene states, and it has been linked to developmental processes, cell differentiation, and disease, including cancer. The study of H2A.Z continues to provide insights into the complex mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and the role of histone variants in gene expression and cellular function.