Smad1, or Smad Homolog 1, is a vital protein involved in cellular signal transduction, particularly within the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-β) signaling pathway. Smad1 serves as a key transcription factor in the TGF-β signaling pathway, facilitating the transmission of extracellular signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of target genes. Research indicates that Smad1 plays a crucial role in bone development and metabolism. For instance, BMP9 activates the Smad1 signaling pathway, inhibiting osteoblast senescence and thereby reducing age-related bone loss in mice. The role of Smad1 in tumorigenesis is also gaining attention. Studies have found that Atm-mediated phosphorylation of Smad1 is important in the DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. In ophthalmology research, Smad1 has been shown to have a protective role in mouse refractive development and the formation of form-deprivation myopia.