Lysine lactylation is an emerging post-translational modification that occurs in cellular metabolism, specifically referring to the accumulation of lactic acid modifying lysine residues on histones. Lysine lactylation modifies the chromatin structure, thereby affecting gene expression. Research has found that lactylation sites are widely distributed in gene promoter regions, closely associated with gene transcriptional activation. Lysine lactylation also participates in energy metabolism processes, potentially related to the dynamic balance regulation of histone lysine acetylation.