HMGB1 protein, or High Mobility Group Box 1 protein, is a highly conserved nuclear protein found widely in mammalian cells. HMGB1 is prevalent in various tissues such as lymphatic tissue, brain, liver, lung, heart, spleen, and kidney. In most tissues, it primarily resides in the nucleus, but in certain tissues like the liver and brain, it can also be found in the cytoplasm. Within the nucleus, HMGB1 interacts with ribosomes, transcription factors, and other components, participating in maintaining nucleosome structure and regulating gene expression. It can also modulate gene transcription by facilitating nucleosome sliding. Outside the cell, HMGB1 serves as a late-phase inflammatory mediator, involving inflammation, immune responses, tissue repair, and regeneration. It mediates these biological effects by interacting with various receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. HMGB1 plays a crucial role in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, such as sepsis. Sepsis is a common complication of severe trauma, burns, and other diseases, and HMGB1 is a key inflammatory mediator in this condition.