The ALOX15 protein is encoded by the Alox15 gene and functions as a non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase that catalyzes and esterifies the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, producing a series of bioactive lipid intermediates. This enzyme inserts a peroxy group at the C12 or C15 position of arachidonic acid esters, generating 12-HPETE and 15-HPETE, and further metabolizes 12-HPETE to produce pro-inflammatory factors such as hepoxilins. Additionally, Alox15 can also peroxide linoleic acid esters to 13-HPODE and participate in the oxidation of DHA to produce specific pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvin D5 and (7S,14S)-diHPDHA, which actively down-regulate immune responses and have anti-platelet aggregation properties. Beyond its biochemical functions, the ALOX15 protein also has important applications in the medical field. Studies have shown that recombinant ALOX15 protein can increase the level of interferon IFNβ in the body, effectively blocking pathogenic infections, independent of its enzymatic activity. Molecular mechanism studies have confirmed that the ALOX15 protein promotes the K63 deubiquitination modification of the mitochondrial protein MAVS, increasing the aggregation and activation of MAVS, and subsequently inducing the secretion of IFNβ. Therefore, the recombinant ALOX15 protein can be applied to enhance immunity and prevent and treat pathogenic infections and their complications, including influenza A and B viruses, novel coronavirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and others.