Heme oxygenase, or haem oxygenase, (HMOX, commonly abbreviated as HO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme to produce biliverdin, ferrous ion, and carbon monoxide. Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1, commonly HO-1) is a stress-induced isoform present throughout the body with highest concentrations in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, and on the cellular level is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum, although it has also been reported in the mitochondria, cell nucleus, and plasma membrane. HO-1 may also serve as a chaperone protein, engage in protein-protein interactions, be secreted into the extracellular space, and participate in other cellular functions beyond its catalytic activity. HO-1 may also generate small amounts of carbon suboxide. HO-1 enzymes are degraded via ubiquitination.